SECTION ONE:

SECTION TWO:

Continuity editing was created by D W Griffith, he created 180 degree rule.  Griffith was American which showed competition to any other pioneers. Eisenstein was a Russian pioneer that came up with the montage theory. He would take apart films and edit them to show a different style and outcome. Then along came Alfred Hitchcock who in the film Psycho combined montage and continuity together in the famous shower scene. Between the Russians and the Americans it was a competition to be the best film makers. Due to film being created by the Lumiers Brothers who were French, Hitchcock move to use montage and continuity together fused anger to the french, so the French pioneer Jean Luc Goddard decided to create a film called Breathless which would have no flow of continuity due to the use jump cuts. Goddard done this to break the rules of film created by Griffith and Eisenstein.  Nowadays modern day film makers are influential of the original pioneers. Continuity vs Montage: Continuity was invented by D.W Griffts through trial and error, this is the use of series of shots to tell a story so its more entertaining. Continuity also absorbed montage as later on it uses montage to show the passage through time or to add an artistic  touch to their works, continuity only took the editing styles but left the politics part of montage .It was developed by an American and therefore belongs to America. While Montage on the other hand is a series of shots that is been used to tell a story but it makes the viewers think which means that the directors deliberately make their editing seamless so the viewers actually notice the editing or put two shots of different contrast to tell a story. The 5 types of Montage are: Metric  Montage: This was cutting to the beat of the music been played. Rhythmic: Cutting according to a particular rhythm. Over Tonal: using large sequence of shots to state the theme. Tonal:Using contrast to comparison to the style or type of shots. Intellectual montage: using ideological concepts in other to make the view think. Montage been the complete opposite of continuity creates discontinuity to actually let the viewers know that something is defiantly not right.  Goddard and the start of the new French wave: The French where the original owners of cinema until the Us and the USSR became more dominant and this was around the 1960 where everyone wanted change and so did the media industry and so did the French so they stood to literally oppose continuity and break all its rule, them make film for an artistic purpose and the man who led this new reign was Goddard. He directed and produced breathless which during editing purposely used jump cuts and broke the 180 degree rule which actually make the viewers think as they are seeing something different,  Goddard is one of the leaders of the French new wave. He realised his first film in 1955 then went on to release Breathless which he was widely recognised for in 1960, breathless carried a lot of different things and techniques he had added something special to his film which was his artistic style which was literally set to oppose continuity as it broke almost all the rules of continuity if not all. He was the inventor of trailers.

Tarantino VS Nolan

Quentin Tarantino is known as an auteur because he turns genres into mashups and creates his own style.  For example, in the pathetic kung fu scene, he breaks continuity by breaking the 180 degree rule. He does this to make the scene look similar to a parody. By breaking the 180 degree rule it makes the scene look staged. In Tarantino's films he tries to create pace and tries to manipulate space and time due to his wacky editing. Tarantino uses discontinuity editing because he has absorbed the western montage editing to use in scenes such as the one below. Tarantino is a contemporary movie producer who uses montage to add artistic touches to his videos, he uses a lot of close ups to show a characters emotions editing has advanced for switching between two shots to show emotions to now using a sing shot to show emotions there by reducing the amount of shots that will have to be taken or edited he also slows down the tempo of his shots and and the rhythm to show tension and to make the viewers know that the character is tensed or nervous about what's actually going on. 

Christopher Nolan is a director who has created many films, he puts himself under he illusion that he is his own audience so he treats himself the same for example if he understands it , then his audience will understand it. he uses continuity editing but he using the modern day version which has absorbed the montage which is called Hollywood montage. In the clip in Inglorious Bastards he uses a motivated cut to show the reaction of the german officers after shortly Sargent Stiglitz was introduced. If he uses continuity editing this shows how modern day editors are influenced by the style of Eisenstein and DW Griffith. I believe that Nolan has been influenced by George Melies due to his use of special effects which shows editing  which is still the same today. Nolan uses a mixture of both continuity as he decided to keep some of the rules of continuity such as cross cutting but he other cases he has actually broke them there by adding artistic touches to his editing and also at the same time using montage and partly continuity he also uses a lot of non-linear editing which gives him mire reason to break continuity because non-linear either starts form the middle or the end and the viewers at the beginning have no clue of what is actually going on until they start to see flash backs which also breaks continuity to an extent.

UNIT 16 Final Edit

Unit 16: Rough cut

Editing Examination

Editing Decision List

why have i arranged the clips like this?

The reason i have put my clips in bins is to arrange the clips in groups of location, so when editing finding clips will be easier because they are in order of location. also you were going off a script and you needed to find a certain location you would just try to find the appropriate clip easier due to them being in bins. also by putting the clips in certain bins depending on location shows that we can rename the clips and name whether they're bad or good to use in editing the final product.

Portfolio

Portfolio

Jump cuts were created in 1896 by Melies he was filming a bus coming out of a tunnel and his camera film jammed when it started filming again it filmed a horse cart going by and when he watched the film a jump cut was created making the bus look like it transformed into the horse cart, he used this in is magical shows to show people disappearing. Jump cuts were usually used to create magically effects during the 1800s but now in the present days jump cuts are been used to break continuity and therefore can fall under montage techniques. Jump cuts basically manipulates time and space as it can be used to show the passing of time in just one glance also uses combination of different shots but doesn't actually tell a story. When a jump cut is used most times there are no relationships between the two shots or just little therefore it can be seen as an alternative way of editing as it allows discontinuity and not continuity.


Rhythmic editing: Shots changes based on the tempo of music been played so therefore the shots changes according to the tempo of the music. This technique is used to pass time. It was invented by esiestein. This technique uses alot of different shots combined together to actually engage the viewers as they are mentally engaged as they use their eyes and hears they do not know that the beat is followed by the editing or the editing is not noticed, it can also be used to create tension or to increase the tempo of a particular scene of video.

Cross- Cutting 
Cross cutting also known as parallel editing, is cutting between two different scenes that are happening at the same time.This technique was created and developed by D.W. Griffith. Cross-Cutting was first used in D.W Griffith's film "After many years" in 1908. The clip below shows an example of cross-cutting being used. The clip is from the film Quantum of Solace. In the scene, A man is being interrogated, the camera then cuts to another scene to show that somebody is approaching in a car. The purpose of Cross-Cutting is to show two important/relevant events in the story that are happening at the same time. Using Cross-Cutting makes the story of a film more interesting for audience. It also allows the audience to be introduced to new characters of the story. Cross cutting manipulates time and space as it allows us to see two different events simultaneously happening at the exactly same time. Though these shots were shot at different times, it has been edited to make viewers think they are actually happening at the same time which really helps in story telling as it also engage the viewers and they do not need to use their brains to work out what is going on so its defiantly a mainstream way of editing it aloes uses different combinations of different shots to make the story more interesting 
  


Motivated cut: This is when a shot/ scene cuts to another scene to show an object or character that wast present in the previous frame. Its a mainstream style of editing as it doesn't break continuity, its normally used to create suspense or show conversations between two characters with different significant importance added to them in detail in those shots.The main purpose of the motivated cut is to actually make the viewers know what is going on it engages the viewers and also develops the drama it also uses a variety of different combinations of shot cutting at different pace and also following the action.


180 degree rule: This an imaginary line that goes between two characters which the camera or set of cameras must not cross. Its a mainstream type of editing as it allows and keeps continuity. It uses different combination of shots such as shot reverse shot and over the shoulder shot to show conversation between two characters it also engages the viewer by letting them know who a character is talking to or talking about, the main purpose of the 180 degree rule is to keep one character on a particular and another character on the other side of the screen the rule also follows the action as it
happens. We can seethe rule been used alot in the trailer of man of steel mainly during conversations.


Continuity - A sequence of shots done to entertain the audience, to create a story in a linear sequence. It was invented by D.W Griffiths, through trial as error, as he would try something out and see if it worked. Continuity came from the US, fighting between them and Soviet Russia, who created montage, continuity proved more popular with audiences as it was just done to entertain the audience, unlike montage, which is designed to make the audience think. Continuities main aim is to actually keep viewers engaged and entertained instead of making them actually think like what montage does.
















Shot rev shot
Shot Reverse shot is, involves two characters having a conversation. You would have one character looking at the other, then we would have a reverse shot from that characters point of view. This is also known as continuity editing.The purpose of using short reverse shot to see character face whilst talking instead focusing on one character when talking, by this you can see their emotions when talking and makes more interesting. It engages the viewers making them more entertained and telling them what is actually going on.

As we can see from 30 seconds in the use of Shot rev shot was used, as the camera is positioned from over the shoulders of each character. It also portrays the relationship between the two characters. Each time a person speaks it automatically cuts to the main objective. Shot rev shot was developed by Dw Griffith. 

 


Point of View shot - This is a technique where it will show the scene from the characters point of view, so you can see the events from their perspective, allowing the audience to feel involved in the film because they can see it as if they are there.
 The Point Of View shot is used here, it is done to show the current events taking place from one characters perspective. It is done to see the events from the eyes of the character.

Parallel editing 

Parallel editing, also known as cross cutting is a technique used in editing where two or more scenes which often happen but in different locations in the film. Edwin S.Porter used this I his movie 'The Great Train Robbery' . In the early cinema cross cutting was used to show where things occur in different locations. Lets the viewers know what is going on and also it uses alot of combination of shots and it also manipulates time and space as well as storytelling.

The Kuleshov Effect

The kuleshov effect is when there would a close up but then the second shot can change the meaning completely, the meaning is constructed in our minds.

Prezi on history of film making

seamless editing

seamless editing is when you eyes follow the actions which means we don't see the invisible cut. for example if the shot follows the action.it will be an invisible cut. Battleship Potmenkin was a film that used seamless editing which was a technique discovered by Sergei Eisenstein.

Breathless

Breathless

Narrative: from watching this clip we can tell that  this is non linear because this whole scene is put in order for example the film is laid out start to middle to finish.\

format: the format of this film is a short film

Genre: the genre of this film is horror, we can tell this because the association with death and murder.

 The shot here is a master shot as it contains all characters and shows the surrounding of the room. The white on the walls can be associated with purity, but the clothes what the characters are wearing are black, which can resemble death or danger.






 In the next scene there is a use of a 180 degree rule. It is used to show that the characters are in a conversation and also the space that they represent is used to show the relationship between them.

In this scene the camera switches to the main subject, which is the girl getting in the bath. The camera angle is a birds eye view so that all the subjects can fit in the shot.

This shot is used to show the man's reaction with the experiment he is trying with his wife. The shot used is a close up which is used to pickup facial expressions.

In this shot a close up is used to pick up the fact that she is struggling and drowning in a bath. The black bikini is in the shot to represent and continue the theme of death in this short film.

In this scene a blue filter is used to add a traumatic feel to this scene for the man outside of the bath and is portray to the audience because blue represents trust and the trust is being lost due to flashing in the scene which could also be used to trigger a flashback.

The watch in this scene is used to resemble show much time the girl has to live and also it was being used to measure how long she could stay in the water for,  

2AM Smiling Man

2AM Smiling Man

Narrative: from watching this clip we can tell that  this is non linear because this whole scene is put in order for example the film is laid out start to middle to finish.\

format: the format of this film is a short film

Genre: the genre of this film is horror, we can tell this because the association with death and murder.

In this shot the lighting is key, for example because the character is just lit up and I believe this resembles that this is the main character who is relevant in this sequence of shots. Also the fact the scene is blacked out shows that low-key lighting is being used.

Then in the next scene this mysterious character appears from the shadows which could resemble a bad evil thing such as a ghost coming to the light. Also if we look this can also show the scenery in the scene so we get a sense of location.

The shot is an over the shoulder shot which is used to create mystery this also gives us a full point of view of the mysterious character lurking in the shadows. The dark scene can relate to the characters meaning and purpose.

In this scene we can see a reveal shot of the character which can resemble that the character is becoming relevant to the shot.

the shot used here is over the shoulder the shot , which is used to resemble the effect that the victim is so scared he keeps on looking over his shoulder. also the fact he is dark resemble that the character is back dark in the shadows.







in his we are shown the face of the mysterious figure which makes the other character calm down because its just a normal character but then he starts running away which shows the characters fear, arrogance and deception.






in this scene an hand held cam is used to create an effect of a panic. also throughout the the scene there is a flow of continuity which is pieced together to show his is running but from certain angles.

in this scene you can see that the is no lighting on a specific thing but when the character runs out its lit up this resembles that he is escaping the darkness. the natural light makes the scene become more realistic.

in this there is a revealing close up on the mysterious character which could be suggest that the character is about to be murdered or abducted. so this is the final shot to end the episode on a cliff hanger.

the audio in this clip is just ambient sounds and then we have a gradual piece of music which is non diagetic which a piece which i synced to the sound so this shows it was made for this short film.

Porcelain Rising

Porcelain Rising

Narrative: from watching this clip we can tell that  this is non linear because this whole scene is put in order for example the film is laid out start to middle to finish.

format: the format of this film is a short film

Genre: the genre of this film is horror, we can tell this because the association with death and murder.

The theme and character in this scene are both shown up prominent in white because i believe white represents purity and innocence which shows this character is a vulnerable victim. the low shot was used to show that something was sitting under the bed , the shot was being used improper because a low shot is used to show dominance but instead it is used here to show vulnerability and that something is under the bed.

the lightning is used to show represent it being a cold winters night. which can create a feeling of suspense and scary nature. also with lighting being heard by the actress it makes the sound diagetic because the actor can therefore hear it.

the character doesn't react when her father opens the door so we no automatically that there is a relationship between the two characters . also the way that he is placed higher in the shot shows that he is a dominant in protecting his daughter. also him being placed in the light could show that he is there for there for his daughter.

the way the father approaches the doll which has been bothering his daughter shows he is concerned about the safety of the daughter. also the fact the doll is placed in corner of the room overlooking the child's bed can represent that the doll is always watching the child sleep.

the close up on the doll is used to pick up the features of the doll for example the fact the doll only has one eye can represent a sense of horror which can be terrifying for the little girl. the close up can represent and enhance the fear factor instead of it just being a master shot.

in this shot there is a use of low key lighting which is used to create a dark background to associate with a dark and sinister object such as the doll. the lighting represents the theme for example the the dark scene can represent a sinister and evil thing and the scenes that contain lighting can represent something quite peaceful.

the audio used at the start of the production is a cot chime which is an eerie and terrifying sound which is used in most horrors that include possessed objects and children this is used to represent horror to the audience.as the credits finished there are ambient sounds and then we start hearing lightning and dialogue between the father and his daughter. also throughout there are scenes with a suspenseful music which sounds represents danger.

the angle at which this placed represents there is something that the character can see and what we can see so i believe this creates suspense for the audience in finding out in what she is looking at. also the shot is quite close on her face so she seems vulnerable. this is used in a effect to understand the girls feelings and emotions

.

the scene here is showing this character in high key lighting which can represent the purity of the character.also the fact he is the most highlighted object in shot , which shows relevance to the character and the relationship between him and the audience. also throughout the scene you can see the man is hesitant which could show his fear and vulnerability. in the kitchen scene ellipsis is used to creating the meaning that the man is passing time. when the man is walking
around the kitchen a jump-cut is used to add insecurity and a paranormal feel to the movie.

this shot here represents a mysterious view because it makes the audience think what is under the bed. also the filter in the shot is a dark blue which can resemble  the meaning of the shot for example a dark blue can represent trust
but the fact it gets darker can show that the trust is being lost.

in this shot we can tell the doll has come too life, but juxtaposition is used in this sequence because when the doll is at the end of the bed it switches to the girl tied to the bed and these shots put together create the meaning of the doll magically tying the girl up, which we can tell is that the girl is scared and filled with fear.

MY ANALYSIS OF SHOTS FOR MY SCT

MY ANALYSIS OF SHOTS FOR MY SCT

SHOT LIST

Tilt shot was used for dramatic effect , the name for this shot is called a dutch tilt shot the reason i used this is because it shows relevance towards the clock, also this is used to break up the transition from the murder scene. the professional name for this angle is called a canted angle is when an angle is tilted 20-35 degrees to the left or the right.

the use of lighting in this scene shows a sinister side of the production . also the shot i used was a close up to include a sense of mystery by not showing the face of the victim.

I used two over the shoulder shots to enhance the mystery on the character but also to get an attention to detail shot similar to POV shot.

The shot i used here is called a birds eye view shot which can get a view of the room depending on the zoom.although i think this shot is dramatic because it focuses on whats going on in the scene.

extreme close up used to show relevance to the phone and what the actor is doing with the mobile phone. 

SCT VS MCT/ NARATIVES FORMATS

Single Camera Production

Single camera production is when a show is being created or filmed it will only use one camera.  An advantage of this is that scenes won’t have to be shot as frequently due to errors in angle sequences.  Using single camera production can benefit a content creator as it minimizes costs by not having to hire out other cameras or camera operators. When using multi-camera production you always have to make sure your camera isn’t left in shot but with single camera you don’t have this problem. An example of programme that uses single camera production is the office . the disadvantages of single camera production can be that it involves a lot of editing , also when you when you are filming with a single camera it involves time to adjust and alter for a new sort of shot. when using one camera you are limited to the amount of shots you can have.

multi-camera production is when something such as a programme is being filmed with multiple cameras this is often used at live events such as talk shows and concerts. most multi-camera shows are shot in a studio while the live footage is controlled by a visual mixer while the audience watches at home. in a studio the lighting is controlled remotely by crew. filming with multiple cameras captures all the action in multiple shots. shows that use multi-camera are often talk shows like Jeremy Kyle and live festivals such as Glastonbury.At Glastonbury they would have a camera facing the crowd and then on the main singer  and then a backstage camera , the effect of this is that all the action is covered but at different angles and perspectives. 

which is better?

 single camera production is cheapest because first of all you have to pay for less equipment and less camera operators. but with multi- costs are extremely higher.also when using multi-camera you can save time when filming because it saves you from moving your set ups around. although there is a time advantage with setups there is a problem when filming multi-camera because you can get other cameras caught in shot.

MULTI-CAMERA EXAMPLES

The Jeremy Kyle show is a multi-camera programme because it is live it requires multi-cameras to pick up any action that you may missed if you was to use one camera. with Jeremy Kyle being a multi-camera production it means it is edited live as the show goes on with a vision mixer.

Another example of a multi- production would be live at Glastonbury when the concert is filmed, the concert is multi-camera because there are different angles such as 

• Crowd shot
• drummer cam
• front row cam
• main singer cam
• shot for the backing dancers
• master shot of stage and all subjects

the Shot are used to add excite to the viewer because if it was just one shot the whole time would be boring, so i believe that multi-cams make a production a lot more interesting and professional.

SINGLE-CAMERA EXAMPLES

An example of a sing camera production can be Come fly with me which is a comedy shot by the BBC, this is a single camera production which is shot b its self and then the sequence of shots are added together to build a complete sequence.

Another example of single camera production is Utopia because it includes the 180 degree rule and it is filmed in different setups and then added together to create a complete sequence.

NARATIVES

 Series: A series is when it is a continuing story with the same characters but it will be from a different characters perspective. A good example of this is "The Inbetweeners".

 Serial: A serial is when a story is told, but it is split up into loads of episodes. a good example for a serial can be "Narcos".

Single: A single is when you have a story which is told in one short film, this is common for most films to be self contained. A good example is "The Gift"

Linear Narrative is when the story line goes from start to middle and to end. This means the film includes no flashbacks or flash fowards.

Non linear Narrative: is when the story has filmed and it includes flash backs

Episodic Narrative is when a story is told through a series of episodes an example of this is a soap such as Eastenders.

Open and Closed closed is when you compress a story which is 20 years long into 2 hours long a good example of this can be "About Time" Open is when the story has no foreseeable ending and example of this is" Coronation Street"

Realist: Realist is when the story is possible and quite realistic a good example of this is"127 Hours"

Anti-realist: Anti-realist is when you have a story which unrealistic for example a show which involves science fiction, a good example of this is "Star Wars."

Multi-stranded: Multi-stranded is when the characters will somehow be linked all together at the end. A good example of this is " Holby City